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it came in the mail

  • 1 mail

    mail [meɪl]
    1 noun
    ∎ to send a letter by mail envoyer une lettre par la poste;
    ∎ the parcel got lost in the mail le colis a été égaré par la poste;
    ∎ your cheque is in the mail votre chèque a été posté
    (b) (letters, parcels) courrier m;
    ∎ has the mail arrived? est-ce que le courrier est arrivé?;
    ∎ it came in the mail c'est arrivé au courrier;
    ∎ was there anything in the mail for me? est-ce qu'il y avait du courrier pour moi?;
    ∎ the mail is only collected twice a week il n'y a que deux levées par semaine
    (c) Computing courrier m électronique, officially recommended term mél m, French Canadian courriel m
    (d) archaic (coach) malle f, malle-poste f
    (e) (UNCOUNT) (armour) mailles fpl
    (parcel, goods, cheque) envoyer ou expédier par la poste; (letter) poster;
    ∎ I've just mailed some money home je viens d'expédier ou d'envoyer de l'argent à ma famille
    ∎ Press the Mail = nom abrégé du 'Daily Mail';
    ∎ Press the Mail on Sunday = édition dominicale du 'Daily Mail'
    ►► Computing mail address adresse f électronique;
    (a) American (letter) lettre f piégée; (parcel) colis m piégé
    (b) Computing = messages envoyés en masse pour bloquer une boîte aux lettres, French Canadian message m piégé, bombard m;
    American mail carrier facteur(trice) m,f;
    American mail clerk employé(e) m,f responsable du courrier;
    American mail drop boîte f à ou aux lettres;
    Computing mail forwarding réexpédition f du courrier électronique;
    Computing mail gateway passerelle f (de courrier électronique);
    mail order vente f par correspondance;
    ∎ to buy sth by mail order acheter qch par correspondance ou sur catalogue;
    Computing mail path chemin m du courrier électronique;
    Computing mail reader logiciel m de courrier électronique, client m de messagerie électronique;
    Computing mail server serveur m de courrier;
    Marketing mail survey enquête f postale;
    mail train train m postal;
    mail transfer virement m par courrier;
    American mail truck, British mail van camionnette f ou fourgonnette f des postes; Railways voiture-poste f

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > mail

  • 2 mail

    1. noun
    1) see academic.ru/56948/post">post II 1.
    2) (vehicle carrying mail) Postbeförderungsmittel, das; (train) Postzug, der
    2. transitive verb
    see post II 2. 1)
    * * *
    [meil] 1. noun
    (letters, parcels etc by post: His secretary opens his mail.) die Post
    2. verb
    (to send by post.) mit der Post schicken
    - mailbag
    - mailbox
    - mailman
    * * *
    mail1
    [meɪl]
    I. n no pl Post f
    did you get any \mail today? hast du heute Post bekommen?
    today's/this morning's \mail die Post von heute
    to answer \mail die Post beantworten
    to be in the \mail in der Post sein
    to come in the \mail mit der Post kommen
    to contact sb by \mail jdn anschreiben
    to read \mail die Post lesen
    to send sth through the \mail etw mit der Post [ver]schicken
    II. vt
    to \mail a letter/package (at post office) einen Brief/ein Paket aufgeben; (in mail box) einen Brief/ein Paket einwerfen
    ▪ to \mail sth to sb [or to \mail sb sth] jdm etw [mit der Post] schicken
    mail2
    [meɪl]
    1. (armour) Rüstung f, Panzer m
    chain \mail Kettenpanzer m
    2. of an animal Panzer m
    * * *
    I [meɪl]
    1. n
    1) Post® f

    to send sth by mail — etw mit der Post® versenden or schicken

    2) (= e-mail) E-Mail f
    2. vt
    aufgeben; (= put in letter box) einwerfen; (= send by mail) mit der Post® schicken; (= send by e-mail) per E-Mail senden, mailen (inf) II
    1. n (MIL)
    Kettenpanzer m
    2. vt
    * * *
    mail1 [meıl]
    A s
    1. Post(sendung) f, -sachen pl, besonders Brief- oder Paketpost f:
    by mail mit der Post;
    the mail is not in yet die Post ist noch nicht da;
    it came in the mail bes US es kam mit der Post; → incoming A 3, outgoing A 3
    2. a) Post(dienst) f(m)
    b) Postversand m
    3. Postauto n, -schiff n, -flugzeug n, -zug m
    B adj Post…
    C v/t besonders US
    a) (mit der Post) (ab)schicken oder (ab)senden, aufgeben, einen Brief einwerfen
    b) (zu)schicken (to dat)
    mail2 [meıl]
    A s
    1. Kettenpanzer m
    2. (Ritter)Rüstung f
    3. ZOOL (Haut)Panzer m
    B v/t panzern
    ml. abk
    1. US mail
    2. milliliter ( milliliters pl); besonders Br millilitre ( millilitres pl) ml
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) see post II 1.
    2) (vehicle carrying mail) Postbeförderungsmittel, das; (train) Postzug, der
    2. transitive verb
    see post II 2. 1)
    * * *
    adj.
    post adj. n.
    Post nur sing. f. v.
    Post versenden ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > mail

  • 3 mail

    N
    1. डाक
    The letter came in the mail today.
    2. कवच
    A coat of mail was worn by the soldiers.
    --------
    V
    1. डाक\mailसे\mailभेजना
    I mailed the letter three days back.

    English-Hindi dictionary > mail

  • 4 mail

    [meɪl] I 1. сущ.

    I'll send the book to you by mail. — Я пошлю тебе книгу по почте.

    The order came by mail. — Заказ пришёл по почте.

    The letter must have been lost in the mail. — Должно быть, письмо потерялось при пересылке по почте.

    voice mail — информ. голосовая почта

    Syn:
    2) амер. почта, почтовая корреспонденция
    - special-delivery mail
    - domestic mail
    - foreign mail
    - franked mail
    - incoming mail     - outgoing mail
    - registered mail
    - piece of mail
    Syn:
    4) = mail of letters мешок с почтой
    5) шотл. дорожный мешок, дорожная сумка
    6) информ. электронная корреспонденция ( письма по электронной почте)

    You've Got Mail. — Вам письмо. ( название фильма)

    Syn:

    the Daily Mail — "Дейли Мейл"

    2. гл.
    посылать по почте; сдавать на почту

    I see from the postmark that this postcard was mailed from Mary's holiday address. — Судя по штемпелю, Мэри отправила это письмо из отпуска.

    The cheque was mailed to your home address yesterday. — Чек был выслан по Вашему адресу вчера.

    She mailed the package to me. — Она послала мне посылку.

    The letter was mailed from Oregon to Pennsylvania. — Письмо было отправлено из Орегона в Пенсильванию.

    3. прил. - mail boat II 1. сущ.
    1) = coat of mail кольчуга
    Syn:
    armour 1.
    2) чешуя, скорлупа, панцирь (у некоторых животных - рака, черепахи, омара и др.)
    2. гл.
    надевать кольчугу; покрывать бронёй

    Англо-русский современный словарь > mail

  • 5 Palmer, John

    [br]
    b. 1743 Bath, Avon, England
    d. 1818 Bath, Avon, England
    [br]
    English pioneer in mail transport.
    [br]
    He was the son of a brewer and maltster and part-owner of a theatre in Bath. In his early 20s his father sent him to London to organize the petition for a licence for the Orchard Street theatre, which was granted in 1768. He then organized a series of post-chaises to transport ac-tors between this and another theatre in Bristol in which his father also had an interest. By 1782 he had ready a plan for a countrywide service of mail coaches to replace the existing arrangements of conveying the mail by post-boys and -girls mounted on horseback who were by law compelled to carry the mail "at a Rate of Six Miles in the Hour at least" on penalty of one month's hard labour if found loitering. Lord Camden, Member of Parliament for Bath, put Palmer's plan before Prime Minister Pitt, who approved of it. An experimental run was tried on 2 August 1782, a coach leaving Bristol at 4 pm and arriving in London at 8 am the next morning, to return the following night from London at 8 pm and reaching Bristol at 10 am. In March 1785 the Norwich Mail Coach was started and during that year services were started to Portsmouth, Dover, Exeter, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Shrewsbury, Chester, Holyhead, Worcester, South Wales and Milford Haven. A feature of importance was that each mail coach was accompanied by an armed guard. In August 1786 Palmer was appointed Surveyor and Comptroller-General of the Post Office at a salary of £1,500 per annum and a bonus depending on all revenue over £300,000 each year. The popularity of the new service is shown by the feet that by 1813 his 2 1/2 per cent bonus came to £50,000. Due to the intrigues of his deputy, he was removed from office, but he was given a pension of £3,000 a year. He received the freedom of some eighteen towns, was made Mayor of Bath and represented that constituency in Parliament four times.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    E.Vale, 1960, The Mail-Coach Men, London: Cassell.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Palmer, John

  • 6 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 7 come in


    1) входить 'Come in!' called the director when he heard the knock at his door. ≈ "Войдите!" сказал директор, услышав стук в дверь.
    2) прибывать( о поезде, пароходе) Syn: be in
    1), get in
    3), draw in
    5)
    3) вступать (в должность) ;
    приходить к власти Syn: be in
    4), get in
    4), put in
    12)
    4) входить в моду The new crop of tobacco will be coming in soon. ≈ Скоро войдет в моду новый сорт табака.
    5) созревать
    6) амер. жеребиться, телиться
    7) оказаться полезным, пригодиться (тж. come in useful) where do I come in? разг. ≈ чем я могу быть полезен?;
    какое это имеет ко мне отношение?
    8) спорт прийти к финишу to come in first ≈ победить, прийти первым come in for ≈ получить что-л. (напр., свою долю и т. п.) He came in for a lot of trouble. ≈ Ему здорово досталось.
    9) поступать As soon as the fresh vegetables come in, we put them on sale. ≈ Как только нам поставляют свежие овощи, мы сразу выставляем их на продажу. News of the death of the famous actress began coming in just as we were starting the broadcast. ≈ Когда мы начали передачу, пришли вести о смерти знаменитой актрисы.
    10) (о погоде или времени) начинаться This week came in very windy, it's coming in very cold for September. ≈ Эту неделю дует сильный ветер, для сентября стало уж очень холодно.
    11) присоединяться к делу в качестве партнера My father started the insurance firm, and I came in when I was
    18. ≈ Мой отец основах страховое агентство, и когда мне исполнилось 18, я стал партнером.
    12) занимать чье-л. место в игре или на службе Has Mr Sharp come in yet? ≈ Мистер Шарп уже на месте?
    13) появляться( о чем-л. ожидаемом) The tide is coming in. ≈ Подходит прилив. When will the sales figures come in? ≈ Когда появятся котировки?
    14) быть избранным на выборах If your party comes in at the next election, what will you do about taxes? ≈ Если ваша партия выиграет следующие выборы, что вы сделаете с налогами?
    15) принять участие, включиться
    16) начинать петь, играть и т.д. When the singer comes in, don't play so loudly. ≈ Когда вступит вокалист, играй потише. The main character in this play does not come in until the second act. ≈ Главный персонаж пьесы появляется на сцене только во втором акте.
    17) (о деньгах) поступать I haven't a lot of money coming in just now. ≈ У меня сейчас не очень большие доходы. Syn: bring in
    2), knock down
    8), knock up
    7), pull down
    6), pull in
    4)
    18) (о нефтяной скважине) начинать производить нефть Number three well came in last night. ≈ Скважина номер три начала давать нефть вчера ночью. приходить, прибывать;
    - what time does the train *? когда приходит поезд?;
    - the wounded began to * стали прибывать раненые (спортивное) прийти к финишу;
    - to * a close second занять второе место;
    - the horse came in third лошадь пришла третьей поступать;
    - the mail comes in at eight почта приходит в 8 часов;
    - wool is coming in abundantly шерсть поступает (на рынок) в большом количестве входить в моду;
    - lawn tennis was then just coming in теннис тогда как раз стал приобретать популярность;
    - this fashion is coming in again этот фасон опять входит в моду войти в дело( в качестве компаньона) вступать в должность;
    прийти к власти;
    - the government came in with a big majority правительство пришло к власти, получив на выборах значительное большинство голосов иметь отношение( к чему-л) ;
    - where do I *? при чем тут я?, что мне до этого;
    (between) вмешиваться (в отношения) ;
    - she is always trying to * between us она всегда старается встать между нами зреть, поспевать;
    - these apples don't * till August эти яблоки созревают только в августе (американизм) жеребиться;
    телиться (американизм) находиться в период течки получить долю;
    - the eldest son came in for everything все досталось старшему сыну навлекать на себя;
    заслужить;
    - to * for increasing criticism навлекать на себя все больше критики (редкое) прийти (в голову), засесть( в голове) ;
    - has it never * upon your mind what you are doing? вам никогда не приходила в голову мысль о том, что вы делаете? принять участие, включиться;
    - let's ask her to * on the plan давайте пригласим ее принять участие в этом мероприятии > to * handy /useful/ пригодиться, прийтись кстати

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > come in

  • 8 post

    [pəust] I 1. сущ.
    1)
    а) мачта, подпорка, свая, стойка
    в) кол, шест
    Syn:
    2) спорт.
    Syn:
    3) геол. целик угля / руды
    4) геол. мелкозернистый песчаник
    5) эл. клемма
    ••

    as deaf as a post — глухой как пень, совершенно глухой

    2. гл.
    1)
    а) = post up вывешивать, расклеивать (объявления, афиши)

    Please post this important message on your notice board. — Пожалуйста, повесь это важное сообщение у вас на доске объявлений.

    б) обклеивать афишами, плакатами
    •
    Syn:
    2)
    а) сообщать, объявлять (о чём-л.) или рекламировать (что-л.) с помощью афиш, плакатов, объявлений
    б) заносить в списки;
    3) амер. объявлять о запрещении ( совершать определенные действия)
    4) объявить о пропаже без вести, неприбытии в срок или гибели судна
    5) амер.; спорт. вести счёт (в игре, в спортивном матче)
    Syn:
    II 1. сущ.
    1) брит. почта, корреспонденция

    I haven't opened my post yet. — Я ещё не открывал свою почту.

    Syn:
    2) брит. почта, почтовая система

    I'll send the book to you by post. — Я пошлю тебе эту книгу по почте.

    My application was lost in the post. — Моё заявление было потеряно при пересылке по почте.

    Syn:
    3) брит.
    а) сбор корреспонденции, почты

    to catch / miss the post — успеть, не успеть отправить письмо, корреспонденцию

    She answered my letter by return of post. — Она сразу ответила на моё письмо.

    б) доставка корреспонденции, почты

    first / second post — первая, вторая доставка почты

    The letter came by the first post. — Письмо пришло с утренней почтой.

    4)
    а) почта, почтовая контора, почтовое отделение

    I took the letter to the post. — Я отнёс письмо на почту.

    Syn:
    Syn:
    5) ист.
    б) почтовая станция; станция, на которой можно поменять лошадей
    в) гонец, курьер, нарочный
    Syn:
    6) ( Post) в названиях газет

    the Washington Post — "Вашингтон пост"

    7) формат бумаги (писчей -15 1/2 д. x 19 д.; печатной - 15 1/2 д. x 19 1/2 д.)

    The post had come in heavy that morning. — В то утро почтовая карета была до отказа нагружена корреспонденцией.

    ••
    2. гл.
    1) брит. посылать по почте, отправлять по почте; опустить в почтовый ящик

    The card was posted from Mary's holiday address. — Открытка была отправлена оттуда, где Мэри проводила отпуск.

    Syn:
    2) ехать на почтовых (лошадях), на перекладных
    3)
    а) лететь, мчаться, спешить, торопиться
    Syn:
    б) уст. в спешке отправлять (письмо и т. п.)
    Syn:
    4) = post up осведомлять, рассказывать, держать в курсе, давать полную информацию

    Post me up on your activities in the committee. — Держи меня в курсе своей деятельности в комитете.

    She kept us posted on the latest gossip. — Она держала нас в курсе последних сплетен.

    Syn:
    5) фин.; = post up переносить ( запись) в гроссбух
    3. нареч.
    1) ист. почтой; на почтовых (лошадях)

    They were to travel post. — Им было предписано отправиться на почтовых лошадях.

    2) срочно, поспешно, нарочным, с экспрессом
    Syn:
    III 1. сущ.
    1) должность; положение
    2) воен.
    б) позиция; укреплённый узел; форт
    в) амер. гарнизон; постоянная дислокация ( войск)
    3) ист.; = trading postторговое поселение

    The dark continent invited schools and churches as well as trading posts. — Чёрный континент открывал свои двери для школ, церквей, а также торговых поселений.

    4) ж.-д. блокпост
    5) тех. пульт управления
    2. гл.
    1) ставить, расставлять
    2) воен. выставлять караул
    4) мор. прикомандировать

    Англо-русский современный словарь > post

  • 9 punctuation

    n пунктуация, знаки препинания Знаки препинания в английском языке употребляются реже и не так, как в русском языке. К основным случаям употребления знаков препинания в английском языке следует отнести: (1). Предложения, выражающие просьбу, заканчиваются как правило точкой, даже если они стоят в вопросительной форме:

    Will you send me your latest article.

    May I take it.

    (2). Косвенный вопрос заканчивается точкой, а не вопросительным знаком:

    Do you mind if I come a little later.

    He hesitated whether to stay or leave at once.

    (3). Запятой отделяются:
    1). обстоятельственные придаточные предложения, если они стоят в начале предложения перед главным. Если придаточное следует за главным, то оно запятой не отделяется.

    When it was convenient for him, he went to the office.

    Cp. We worked overtime whenever it was necessary;
    2). причастные и абсолютные обороты, стоящие в начале предложения.

    The rain having stopped, we went for a walk.

    A doctor, called to the scene, examined the injured man;

    3). вводные инфинитивные конструкции. То be successful, one must work hard. Если инфинитивная конструкция выполняет функцию подлежащего, то она запятой не отделяется — То become a doctor was his dream;
    4). все вводные слова, обороты, словосочетания и придаточные предложения:
    а) слова типа however, moreover, therefore, besides, consequently, so to speak, in short, of course, as a result, we suppose, I think, as for as she is concerned:

    Besides, he didn't receive any answer.

    Of course, there are many ways to do it.

    Someone, I suppose, should check the papers;

    б) вводные обороты, прерывающие логическую последовательность изложения — Не disliked, and I agree with him, his manner of presentation the problem;
    в) слово also, если оно стоит в начале предложения для усиления — Also, we noticed that the prices were going up ( в остальных случаях also запятой не отделяется, ср. We also noticed that the prices were going up);
    5). вступительные слова и выражения типа yes, indeed, really, surely, well —

    Yes, I would like to say a few words on the problem.

    Well, the next thing we knew he had fired a shot;

    6). описательные определительные придаточные, которые могут быть опущены без ущерба для смысла предложения, в отличие от ограничивающих определительных придаточных, которые опущены быть не могут (последние запятой не отделяются) —

    The girl who lives next door came to work to our office,

    cp. Mary Jones, who lives next door, came to see us.

    The book (that) you gave me to read was very useful to me,

    cp. Pygmalion, the play written by B. Shaw, has been staged by many theatres;

     7). обращения — Henry, fetch another chair, please. I am sorry, Mr. White, that I must interrupt you; 8). конструкции-приложения — Thomas, our manager, is ill. Приложения, тесно связанные с определяемым словом и образующие единое словосочетание, запятой не отделяются — My cousin Bob. Mary Queen of Scots. His friend Bill; 9). ряд однородных определений — She decided to have potatoes, beans, and ice cream. He walked off the stage, turned round, came back, and stared at the audience. He asked for paper, a pencil, and a ruler. They lived in a little, white house; 10). части сложносочиненных предложений, соединенных одним из сочинительных союзов and, but, for, or, nor, while (в значении but) — I dictated the letter, but she didn't put it down correctly. В тех случаях, когда сочинительного союза нет, части сложносочиненного предложения весьма распространенные и внутри имеют свои собственные знаки препинания, запятая между ними не употребляется; в этих случаях предпочтительнее точка с запятой или точка. Нераспространенные части сложносочиненных предложений, даже при наличии союза, запятой не отделяются — Не looked around but he didn't see anybody; 11). слова, выражающие противопоставления — I asked you to fill the document, not to destroy it. I'll let you do it this time, but never again. Children should be seen, but not heard; 12). прямая речь — He asked, "How long will it take you"; 13). вопросная часть разделительных вопросов — Не was right, wasn't he?; 14). обозначения даты и месяца отделяются запятой от обозначения места и года — April 8, 1872; Moscow, July 12, 1972; 15). звания, стоящие после имени собственного — Adams, Ph. D; 16). в четырехзначных и более числительных запятой отделяются числительные после тысячи — 1,767; 2,565,727; 17). номера страниц, два одинаковых слова или два или более чисел, выраженных цифровыми последовательностями и стоящих рядом — Lucy told you, you should stay here; Since 1988, 12,000 new machines have been sold. (4). Запятой не отделяются:
    а) слова в городских адресах, при обозначении страниц, года: page 15; in the year 1986; 115 Oxford Street;
    б) ограничивающие определительные и относительные придаточные, а также дополнительные придаточные — Не knows that you will be late. The book you gave me was very useful.
    (5). Точка с запятой используется главным образом в официальной письменной речи, в которой много очень длинных и синтаксически сложных предложений; в обыденной переписке не рекомендуется использовать точку с запятой слишком часто. (6). Двоеточие, как и в русском языке, употребляется перед перечислением, разъяснением и в приветствиях в деловой переписке. В обыденной, неофициальной переписке после обращения может использоваться запятая — Dear Mr. Brown; My dear Madam; cp. Dear Jane. Если после двоеточия следует полное предложение, то первое слово такого предложения пишется с заглавной буквы:

    These are your duties: Sort the mail, open all that is not personal, throw away the envelopes, and bring the letters to me.

    Если список перечисленных пунктов расположен в столбик, каждая новая строка должна начинаться с заглавной буквы, после каждого пункта знак препинания не ставится: You should know how to use the following office machines:
    1. Typewriter
    2. Calculator
    3. Copy Machine.
    (7). Двоеточие используется для отделения различных частей отсылок, заглавий, формул и числительных: The time was 9:15 p. m; We were given Chapter XII: Section 19 for our homework. (8). Кавычки в английском языке пишутся только сверху: “Where”, he asked, “are you going to keep it?” Только первое слово приводимой прямой речи пишется с заглавной буквы, вторая часть, если прямая речь прервана, пишется с маленькой буквы. (9). Кавычки не употребляются в косвенной речи: Не asked where we would keep it. (10). Заключенное в кавычки высказывание обычно заканчивается запятой или точкой перед закрывающимися кавычками: “They are not here,” he said.

    English-Russian word troubles > punctuation

  • 10 come in

    [ʹkʌmʹın] phr v
    1. 1) приходить, прибывать

    what time does the train come in? - когда приходит поезд?

    2) спорт. прийти к финишу
    2. поступать

    wool is coming in abundantly - шерсть поступает (на рынок) в большом количестве

    3. входить в моду

    lawn tennis was then just coming in - теннис тогда как раз стал приобретать популярность

    4. войти в дело ( в качестве компаньона)
    5. вступать в должность; прийти к власти

    the government came in with a big majority - правительство пришло к власти, получив на выборах значительное большинство голосов

    6. иметь отношение (к чему-л.)

    where do I come in? - при чём тут я?, что мне до этого?

    7. (between) вмешиваться (в чьи-л. отношения)

    she is always trying to come in between us - она всегда старается встать между нами /внести разлад в наши отношения/

    8. зреть, поспевать

    these apples don't come in till August - эти яблоки созревают только в августе

    9. амер.
    1) жеребиться; телиться
    2) находиться в периоде течки
    10. (for)
    1) получить долю (чего-л.)
    2) навлекать на себя; заслужить

    to come in for increasing criticism - навлекать на себя всё больше критики

    11. (upon, on) редк. прийти ( в голову), засесть ( в голове)

    has it never come in upon your mind what you are doing? - вам никогда не приходила в голову мысль о том, что вы делаете?

    12. (on) принять участие, включиться

    let's ask her to come in on the plan - давайте пригласим её принять участие в этом мероприятии

    ♢ to come in handy /useful/ - пригодиться, прийтись кстати

    НБАРС > come in

  • 11 surface

    surface ['sɜ:fɪs]
    1 noun
    (a) (exterior, top) surface f;
    ∎ the polished surface of the desk la surface polie du bureau;
    ∎ bubbles rose to the surface of the pond des bulles montèrent à la surface de la mare;
    ∎ the submarine/diver came to the surface le sous-marin/plongeur fit surface;
    ∎ the miners who work on the surface les mineurs qui travaillent à la surface;
    ∎ figurative all the old tensions came or rose to the surface when they met toutes les vieilles discordes ont refait surface quand ils se sont revus
    (b) (flat area) surface f;
    ∎ roll the dough out on a smooth clean surface étalez la pâte sur une surface lisse et propre
    (c) (covering layer) revêtement m;
    ∎ the pan has a non-stick surface la poêle a une surface antiadhésive ou qui n'attache pas;
    ∎ road surface revêtement m
    (d) (outward appearance) surface f, extérieur m, dehors m;
    ∎ on the surface she seems nice enough au premier abord elle paraît assez sympathique;
    ∎ his politeness is only on the surface sa politesse est toute de surface;
    ∎ there was a feeling of anxiety lying beneath or below the surface on sentait une angoisse sous-jacente;
    ∎ the discussion hardly scratched the surface of the problem le problème a à peine été abordé dans la discussion
    (e) Geometry (area) surface f, superficie f;
    ∎ surface of revolution surface f de révolution ou de rotation
    (a) (submarine, diver, whale) faire surface, monter à la surface; (return to surface) refaire surface, remonter à la surface
    (b) (become manifest) apparaître, se manifester;
    ∎ he surfaced again after many years of obscurity il a réapparu après être resté dans l'ombre pendant de nombreuses années;
    ∎ rumours like this tend to surface every so often ce type de rumeur a tendance à refaire surface de temps à autre
    (c) familiar (get up) se lever□, émerger;
    ∎ he didn't surface till 11 o'clock il n'a pas émergé avant 11 heures
    (put a surface on → road) revêtir; (→ paper) calandrer;
    ∎ the track is surfaced with cement la piste est revêtue de ciment
    (a) (superficial) superficiel;
    ∎ a surface scratch une égratignure superficielle, une légère égratignure;
    ∎ figurative his enthusiasm is purely surface son enthousiasme n'est que superficiel
    (b) (exterior) de surface;
    ∎ surface finish (of metal) état m de surface, finissage m;
    ∎ surface measurements superficie f
    (c) Mining (workers) de surface, au jour; (work) à la surface, au jour; Military (forces) au sol; (fleet) de surface
    ►► Chemistry surface activity tensioactivité f;
    surface area surface f, superficie f;
    Linguistics surface grammar grammaire f de surface;
    surface mail (by land) courrier m par voie de terre; (by sea) courrier m par voie maritime;
    surface noise bruit m de surface;
    surface speed (of submarine) vitesse f en surface;
    surface structure structure f superficielle ou de surface;
    surface tension tension f superficielle;
    surface transport transport m terrestre et/ou maritime;
    ∎ by surface transport par voie de terre et/ou maritime

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > surface

  • 12 come in

    1. phr v приходить, прибывать

    come to a conclusion — делать вывод; приходить к заключению

    please come quick! — пожалуйста, приходи скорее!

    2. phr v спорт. прийти к финишу
    3. phr v поступать
    4. phr v входить в моду

    to come into a room — входить, в комнату

    come in out of the wet — входите, не стойте под дождём

    5. phr v войти в дело

    now, come on, snap into it! — ну давай, принимайся за дело!

    6. phr v вступать в должность; прийти к власти

    the government came in with a big majority — правительство пришло к власти, получив на выборах значительное большинство голосов

    come to an understanding — прийти к соглашению; договориться

    he said she should come — он сказал, чтобы она пришла

    I fear that I cannot come — боюсь, что не смогу прийти

    7. phr v иметь отношение

    where do I come in? — при чём тут я?, что мне до этого?

    now come! be patient! — ну потерпите; имей терпение

    8. phr v вмешиваться

    to come between the bark and the tree — вмешиваться в чужие дела; становиться между мужем и женой

    9. phr v зреть, поспевать
    10. phr v амер. жеребиться; телиться
    11. phr v амер. находиться в периоде течки
    12. phr v амер. получить долю
    13. phr v амер. навлекать на себя; заслужить
    14. phr v амер. редк. прийти, засесть

    has it never come in upon your mind what you are doing? — вам никогда не приходила в голову мысль о том, что вы делаете?

    15. phr v амер. принять участие, включиться

    come a decision — принять решение; решить; решиться

    to come to attention — принять положение «смирно»

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. answer (verb) answer; rejoin; reply; respond; retort; return
    2. answered (verb) answered; rejoined; replied; responded; retorted; returned
    3. enter (verb) alight; disembark; enter; ingress; intrude; land; pass; penetrate; reach port; set foot; set foot in
    4. entered (verb) entered; go in; gone in; penetrated
    5. placed (verb) finished; placed; run

    English-Russian base dictionary > come in

  • 13 flood

    1. noun
    1) Überschwemmung, die

    the Flood — (Bibl.) die Sintflut; attrib.

    flood area — Überschwemmungsgebiet, das

    2) (of tide) Flut, die
    2. intransitive verb
    1) [Fluss:] über die Ufer treten

    there's danger of flooding — es besteht Überschwemmungsgefahr

    2) (fig.) strömen
    3. transitive verb
    1) überschwemmen; (deluge) unter Wasser setzen
    2) (fig.) überschwemmen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (a great overflow of water: If it continues to rain like this, we shall have floods.) die Überschwemmung
    2) (any great quantity: a flood of fan mail.) die Flut
    2. verb
    (to (cause something to) overflow with water: She left the water running and flooded the kitchen.) unter Wasser setzen
    - academic.ru/28154/floodlight">floodlight
    3. [-lit] verb
    (to light with floodlights.) anstrahlen
    - floodlighting
    - floodlit
    - flood-tide
    * * *
    [flʌd]
    I. n
    1. (flowing) Überschwemmung f, Hochwasser nt kein pl
    we had a \flood in the cellar wir hatten den Keller unter Wasser
    when the snow melts, this little stream becomes a \flood wenn der Schnee schmilzt, wird dieser kleine Bach ein reißender Fluss
    to be in full \flood ( fig) activity, discussion in vollem Gang sein
    ▪ the F\flood REL die Sintflut
    2. (outpouring) Flut f, Schwall m
    a \flood of cheap imports came into the shops ein ganzer Schwung Billigimporte kam in die Läden
    to let out a \flood of abuse eine Schimpfkanonade loslassen
    \flood of calls/letters eine Flut von Anrufen/Briefen
    \flood of complaints ein Haufen m Beschwerden
    \flood of tears Strom m von Tränen
    \flood of words Redeschwall m
    \flood [tide] Flut f
    on the \flood bei [o mit der] Flut
    4.
    ▶ before the F\flood ( hum) vorsintflutlich hum
    II. vt
    ▪ to \flood sth
    1. (overflow) etw überschwemmen [o überfluten]; (deluge) kitchen, bathroom etw unter Wasser setzen
    don't \flood the bathtub lass die Badewanne nicht überlaufen
    2. ( fig: overwhelm) etw überschwemmen [o überfluten]
    the calls for tickets \flooded the switchboard die Kartenanfragen führten zu einer völligen Überlastung der Telefonzentrale
    to be \flooded with joy überglücklich sein
    to be \flooded with responses mit Antworten überhäuft werden
    3. AUTO (supply) carburettor, engine etw absaufen lassen fam
    4. (fill with water) a dam, submarine, valley etw fluten fachspr; a river etw über die Ufer treten lassen
    III. vi
    1. (overflow) place überschwemmt werden, unter Wasser stehen; river über die Ufer treten; container, bathtub überlaufen
    2. ( fig: pour) strömen, sich akk ergießen geh
    ▪ to \flood into sb/sth jdn/etw überschwemmen [o überfluten]
    donations are \flooding into the relief fund Spenden gehen zu Tausenden bei dem Hilfsfonds ein
    colour \flooded into her cheeks sie wurde ganz rot im Gesicht
    anger \flooded into him Wut stieg in ihm hoch
    * * *
    [flʌd]
    1. n
    1) (of water) Flut f

    floods — Überschwemmung f, Hochwasser nt; (in several places) Überschwemmungen pl, Hochwasser nt

    2) (fig) Flut f, Schwall m

    she was in floods of tears —

    3) Flut f
    2. vt
    1) fields, roads, town überschwemmen, unter Wasser setzen

    the village/cellar was flooded — das Dorf/der Keller war überschwemmt or stand unter Wasser

    to flood the engine — den Motor absaufen lassen (inf)

    2) (storm, rain) river, stream über die Ufer treten lassen
    3) (fig) überschwemmen, überfluten

    flooded with calls/complaints — mit Anrufen/Beschwerden überhäuft

    flooded with light — lichtdurchflutet, von Licht durchflutet

    4) (COMM)
    3. vi
    1) (river) über die Ufer treten; (bath etc) überfließen, überlaufen; (cellar) unter Wasser stehen; (garden, land) überschwemmt werden
    2) (people) strömen, sich ergießen (geh)
    * * *
    flood [flʌd]
    A s
    1. Flut f, strömende Wassermasse
    2. Überschwemmung f (auch fig), Hochwasser n:
    be in flood Hochwasser führen;
    the Flood BIBEL die Sintflut
    3. Flut f (Ggs Ebbe):
    on the flood mit der Flut, bei Flut
    4. poet Flut f, Fluten pl (See, Strom etc)
    5. fig Flut f, Strom m, Schwall m:
    there was a flood of complaints es hagelte Beschwerden;
    a flood of letters eine Flut von Briefen;
    a flood of tears ein Tränenstrom;
    she was in floods of tears sie zerfloss in Tränen;
    a flood of words ein Wortschwall
    B v/t
    1. überschwemmen, -fluten (beide auch fig):
    be flooded under unter Wasser stehen;
    flood the market WIRTSCH den Markt überschwemmen;
    be flooded out with letters mit Briefen überschwemmt werden;
    be flooded with light in Licht getaucht sein
    2. unter Wasser setzen
    a) durch eine Überschwemmung obdachlos werden,
    b) wegen einer Überschwemmung evakuiert werden müssen
    4. SCHIFF fluten
    5. flood the carburet(t)or ( oder engine) AUTO den Motor absaufen lassen umg
    6. einen Fluss etc anschwellen oder über die Ufer treten lassen (Regen etc)
    7. mit Licht überfluten
    8. fig strömen in (akk), sich ergießen über (akk)
    C v/i
    1. fluten, strömen, sich ergießen (alle auch fig):
    flood in hereinströmen
    2. (Fluss etc)
    a) anschwellen
    b) über die Ufer treten
    3. überfließen, -laufen (Bad etc)
    4. überschwemmt werden
    5. MED an Gebärmutterblutung(en) oder übermäßiger Monatsblutung leiden
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Überschwemmung, die

    the Flood — (Bibl.) die Sintflut; attrib.

    flood area — Überschwemmungsgebiet, das

    2) (of tide) Flut, die
    2. intransitive verb
    1) [Fluss:] über die Ufer treten
    2) (fig.) strömen
    3. transitive verb
    1) überschwemmen; (deluge) unter Wasser setzen
    2) (fig.) überschwemmen
    * * *
    n.
    Flut -en f.
    Hochwasser (Überschwemmung) n.
    Überschwemmung f. v.
    ersaufen (Motor) v.
    überfluten v.
    überschwemmen v.

    English-german dictionary > flood

  • 14 by

    1. preposition
    1) (next to; near; at the side of: by the door; He sat by his sister.) poleg, blizu, pri
    2) (past: going by the house.) mimo
    3) (through; along; across: We came by the main road.) po
    4) (used (in the passive voice) to show the person or thing which performs an action: struck by a stone.) od
    5) (using: He's going to contact us by letter; We travelled by train.) s, z
    6) (from; through the means of: I met her by chance; by post.) po
    7) ((of time) not later than: by 6 o'clock.) do
    8) (during the time of.) med
    9) (to the extent of: taller by ten centimetres.) do, za
    10) (used to give measurements etc: 4 metres by 2 metres.) krat
    11) (in quantities of: fruit sold by the kilo.) na
    12) (in respect of: a teacher by profession.) po
    2. adverb
    1) (near: They stood by and watched.) blizu, zraven
    2) (past: A dog ran by.) mimo
    3) (aside; away: money put by for an emergency.) poleg, na stran
    •
    - bypass 3. verb
    (to avoid (a place) by taking such a road.) obiti
    - bystander
    - by and by
    - by and large
    - by oneself
    - by the way
    * * *
    I [bai]
    preposition
    blizu, pri, ob, od, do, med, po, s, poleg
    by s.o.'s bedside — ob postelji koga
    by blood — po izvoru, po rodu
    by the by(e) — mimogrede povedano, da ne pozabim
    by chance — po naključju, slučajno
    by dint of — zaradi, s pomočjo
    by George! — pri moji veri!
    by Jove! — pri moji veri!
    by leaps and bounds — skokoma, hitro
    by letter — pismeno, s pismom
    American by mail — po pošti
    by means of — s pomočjo, s
    by now — sedaj, že, medtem
    one by one — drug za drugim, posamezno
    by o.s. — sam zase, sam od sebe
    by sea — po morju, z ladjo
    by stealth — kradoma, skrivaj
    by this time — medtem; že; ob tem času
    by turns — menjaje, drug za drugim, po vrsti
    two by two, by twos — po dva
    by the way — mimogrede, približno
    II [bai]
    adverb
    blizu, v bližini, poleg, zraven; mimo
    by and by — kmalu nato, kasneje
    figuratively to pass s.o. by — prezreti koga

    English-Slovenian dictionary > by

  • 15 drop

    drop [drɒp]
    laisser tomber ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (d) baisser ⇒ 1 (b) déposer ⇒ 1 (c) laisser échapper ⇒ 1 (e) écrire ⇒ 1 (f) omettre ⇒ 1 (g) perdre ⇒ 1 (h) tomber ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b) s'écrouler ⇒ 2 (b) baisser ⇒ 2 (c) goutte ⇒ 3 (a) baisse ⇒ 3 (b) chute ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c) hauteur de chute ⇒ 3 (d)
    (pt & pp dropped, cont dropping)
    (a) (let fall → accidentally) laisser tomber; (→ liquid) laisser tomber goutte à goutte; (→ trousers) laisser tomber; (→ bomb) lancer, lâcher; (→ stitch) sauter, laisser tomber; (release) lâcher;
    ∎ be careful not to drop it fais attention à ne pas le laisser tomber;
    ∎ drop it! (to dog) lâche ça!;
    ∎ he dropped it from the balcony to his accomplice il l'a lancé à son complice depuis le balcon;
    ∎ they dropped soldiers/supplies by parachute ils ont parachuté des soldats/du ravitaillement;
    ∎ to drop a curtsy faire une révérence;
    ∎ Nautical to drop anchor mouiller, jeter l'ancre;
    ∎ Sport to drop a goal (in rugby) marquer un drop;
    ∎ she dropped the ball over the net (in tennis) elle a placé un amorti juste derrière le filet;
    ∎ British familiar to drop a brick or a clanger faire une gaffe
    (b) (lower → voice) baisser; (→ speed) réduire; (→ hem) ressortir
    (c) (deliver) déposer;
    ∎ could you drop me at the corner, please? pouvez-vous me déposer au coin, s'il vous plaît?;
    ∎ we dropped the parcel at John's on the way home nous avons déposé le paquet chez John en rentrant
    (d) (abandon → friend) laisser tomber, lâcher; (→ discussion, work) abandonner, laisser tomber;
    ∎ I've dropped the idea of going j'ai renoncé à y aller;
    ∎ to drop everything laisser tout tomber;
    ∎ he dropped what he was doing and came round to help us il a abandonné ce qu'il était en train de faire pour venir nous aider;
    ∎ let's drop the subject ne parlons plus de cela, parlons d'autre chose;
    ∎ she dropped me to go out with the captain of the rugby team elle m'a laissé tomber pour sortir avec le capitaine de l'équipe de rugby;
    ∎ just drop it! laissez tomber!, assez!
    (e) (utter → remark) laisser échapper;
    ∎ to drop a hint about sth faire allusion à qch;
    ∎ he dropped me a hint that she wanted to come il m'a fait comprendre qu'elle voulait venir;
    ∎ she let (it) drop that she had been there (accidentally) elle a laissé échapper qu'elle y était allée; (deliberately) elle a fait comprendre qu'elle y était allée
    (f) (send → letter, note) écrire, envoyer;
    ∎ I'll drop you a line next week je t'enverrai un petit mot la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ I'll drop it in the mail or British post je la mettrai à la poste
    (g) (omit → when speaking) ne pas prononcer; (→ when writing) omettre; (→ intentionally) supprimer;
    ∎ we dropped the love scene nous avons supprimé la scène d'amour;
    ∎ he drops his h's il n'aspire pas les h;
    ∎ let's drop the formalities, shall we? oublions les formalités, d'accord?;
    ∎ to drop a player from a team écarter un joueur d'une équipe
    (h) British (lose) perdre;
    ∎ he dropped $50 gambling il a laissé ou perdu 50 dollars au jeu;
    ∎ they dropped one game ils ont perdu un match
    (i) Computing (icon) lâcher
    (k) familiar (knock down → with punch) sonner; (→ with shot) descendre□
    ∎ to drop acid prendre ou avaler de l'acide□
    (a) (fall → object) tomber, retomber; (→ liquid) tomber goutte à goutte; (→ ground) s'abaisser;
    ∎ the book dropped from or out of her hands le livre lui tomba des mains;
    ∎ the road drops into the valley la route plonge vers la vallée;
    ∎ figurative it all dropped into place tout s'est mis en place;
    ∎ Theatre the curtain dropped le rideau tomba
    (b) (person → sink down) se laisser tomber, tomber; (→ collapse) s'écrouler, s'affaisser;
    ∎ she dropped to her knees elle est tombée à genoux;
    ∎ I dropped exhausted into a chair je me suis écroulé exténué sur une chaise;
    ∎ I'm ready to drop (from fatigue) je tombe de fatigue, je ne tiens plus sur mes jambes; (from sleepiness) je tombe de sommeil;
    ∎ he'll work until he drops il va travailler jusqu'à épuisement;
    ∎ she dropped dead elle est tombée raide morte;
    ∎ familiar drop dead! va te faire voir!;
    ∎ I find that I drop back into the local dialect when I go home je réalise que je retombe dans le dialecte quand je rentre chez moi;
    ∎ the team dropped to third place l'équipe est descendue à la troisième position
    (c) (decrease → price, speed) baisser, diminuer; (→ temperature) baisser; (→ wind) se calmer, tomber; (→ voice) baisser;
    ∎ shares dropped a point les actions ont reculé d'un point;
    ∎ the pound dropped three points against the dollar la livre a reculé de ou a perdu trois points par rapport au dollar;
    ∎ interest rates have dropped by 1 percent les taux d'intérêt ont baissé de 1 pour cent
    (d) (end) cesser;
    ∎ there the matter dropped l'affaire en est restée là
    (e) (give birth → animal) mettre bas
    3 noun
    (a) (of liquid) goutte f;
    ∎ the rain fell in huge drops la pluie tombait à grosses gouttes;
    ∎ drop by drop goutte à goutte;
    ∎ there hasn't been a drop of rain for weeks il n'y a pas eu une goutte de pluie depuis des semaines;
    ∎ would you like a drop of wine? que diriez-vous d'une goutte ou d'une larme de vin?;
    ∎ there's a drop left in the bottle il reste une goutte dans la bouteille;
    ∎ familiar he's had a drop too much (to drink) il a bu un verre de trop□ ;
    ∎ I haven't touched a drop since je n'y ai pas touché depuis;
    ∎ it's just a drop in the ocean ce n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans la mer
    (b) (decrease → in price) baisse f, chute f (in de); (→ in temperature) baisse f (in de); (→ in voltage) chute f (in de)
    (c) (fall) chute f; (in parachuting) saut m (en parachute);
    ∎ it was a long drop from the top of the wall ça faisait haut depuis le haut du mur;
    ∎ at the drop of a hat sans hésiter, à tout moment;
    ∎ she'll offer to sing at the drop of a hat elle propose de chanter pour un oui ou pour un non
    (d) (vertical distance) hauteur f de chute; (slope) descente f brusque; (abyss) à-pic m inv, précipice m; (in climbing) vide m;
    ∎ a sudden drop in the ground level une soudaine dénivellation;
    ∎ it's a 50-metre drop from the cliff to the sea il y a (un dénivelé de) ou une hauteur de 50 mètres entre le haut de la falaise et la mer;
    ∎ careful, it's a long drop attention, c'est haut;
    ∎ American to have the drop on sb avoir l'avantage sur qn
    (e) (earring) pendant m, pendeloque f; (on necklace) pendentif m; (on chandelier) pendeloque f
    (f) (sweet) bonbon m, pastille f;
    ∎ lemon drops bonbons mpl au citron
    (g) (delivery) livraison f; (from plane) parachutage m, droppage m;
    ∎ to make a drop déposer un colis
    (h) (hiding place) cachette f, dépôt m (clandestin)
    (i) (place to leave something) lieu m de dépôt
    ∎ the drop (hanging) la potence□ ;
    ∎ he's for the drop il est bon pour la potence
    Medicine gouttes fpl
    ►► Cars drop arm bielle f pendante;
    Computing & Typography drop cap lettrine f;
    drop curtain rideau m (à la française);
    Metallurgy drop forge marteau-pilon m;
    Sport drop goal (in rugby) drop-goal m, drop m;
    Technology drop hammer marteau-pilon m;
    drop handlebars guidon m renversé;
    Sport drop kick (in rugby) coup m de pied tombé;
    Computing & Typography drop letter lettrine f;
    British Cookery drop scone = sorte de crêpe épaisse;
    drop seat strapontin m;
    Commerce drop shipment = envoi commercial facturé à un grossiste mais expédié directement au détaillant;
    Sport drop shot (in tennis) amorti m;
    Cars drop test essai m de chute;
    drop zone zone f de droppage
    (a) (interest, support) diminuer, baisser
    (b) (land) s'abaisser
    retourner en arrière, se laisser devancer ou distancer
    passer
    (person) tomber (par terre); (table leaf) se rabattre
    ➲ drop in
    passer;
    ∎ I just dropped in for a chat je suis seulement passé bavarder un moment;
    ∎ to drop in on sb passer voir qn
    (deliver) déposer;
    ∎ I'll drop it in on my way to work je le déposerai demain en allant au travail;
    ∎ familiar you dropped me right in it tu m'as mis dans le pétrin
    (person) déposer; (package, thing) déposer, laisser
    (a) (fall asleep) s'endormir; (have a nap) faire un (petit) somme
    (b) (decrease → membership, attendance etc) diminuer, baisser
    (c) (fall off) tomber;
    ∎ all the flowers dropped off when I moved the plant toutes les fleurs sont tombées lorsque j'ai déplacé la plante
    (a) (fall out) tomber;
    ∎ my purse must have dropped out of my bag mon porte-monnaie a dû tomber de mon sac
    (b) (withdraw) renoncer;
    ∎ she dropped out of the race elle s'est retirée de la course;
    ∎ he dropped out of school il a abandonné ses études;
    ∎ words that have dropped out of current usage des mots qui ont disparu de l'usage courant
    (c) (person → from society) vivre en marge de la société
    passer;
    ∎ I just dropped round for a chat je suis seulement passé bavarder un moment
    (deliver) déposer;
    ∎ I'll drop that book round for you tomorrow je déposerai ce livre chez toi demain

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > drop

  • 16 yet

    jet
    1. нареч.
    1) еще;
    все еще, пока что
    2) еще, кроме того, помимо этого
    3) уже( в вопросительных предложениях), пора
    4) даже, даже более
    5) до сих пор, когда-либо
    6) однако, тем не менее
    2. союз однако, все же, несмотря на это;
    но до сих пор;
    (пока) еще - I haven't done it * я (пока) еще этого не сделал - he had not * finished eating он еще не поел - I have lived some thirty years on this planet, and I have * to hear aluable advice я прожил на земле уже тридцать лет, и пока еще никто не дал мне ценного совета - as * пока еще;
    до сих пор - they haven't come as * они пока еще не пришли - as * we have not made any plans for the holiday пока еще /пока что/ у нас нет никаких планов на праздники - never * никогда еще не... - never * seen невиданный - there was never * philosopher that could enpure the toothache patiently (Shakespeare) такого нет философа на свете, чтобы зубную боль сносил спокойно - I have * to think otherwise я еще не изменил своего мнения - I have * to see a better man лучше него я не встречал человека еще, к тому времени, к тому моменту - when I came he had not * got up когда я пришел, он еще был в постели - when dawn broke the reinforcements had not * arrived к рассвету подкрепления еще не подошли уже (теперь) ;
    пока;
    (пока) еще (в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях) - is it time to go *? уже пора идти? - is he back *? он уже вернулся? - have you heard *? вы уже слышали? - has the mail arrived *? почта уже пришла? - are they here *? они (все) еще здесь? - I can't come just * пока еще я не могу прийти к вам - don't go * не уходите пока - it is not time * (пока) еще не время - they're not selling tickets * билетов (пока) еще не продают (все) еще - is he * alive? он еще жив? - he loves her * он (все) еще ее любит - it was * morning было еще утро - I can see him * я все еще его вижу когда-либо, до сих пор - the largest diamond * found самый большой бриллиант из найденных до сих пор - I have never found a fault in him * я еще никогда у него не находил недостатков когда-нибудь, (когда-нибудь) еще;
    все же - he may surprise you * он еще (когда-нибудь) вас может удивить - he will * be victoriuos он еще победит - I'll do it *! я еще это сделаю! еще (кроме того, в дополнение) - * one еще один - there is one * missing одного еще нет - there is much * to do еще многое надо сделать - we have ten minutes * у нас есть еще десять минут - * once more I ask you not to go еще раз я прошу вас не уходить - * another еще один;
    новый - * another attempt еще одна /новая/ попытка( усилительно) еще;
    даже (более) - a * harder task (даже) еще более трудная задача - at a * faster speed с еще большей скоростью - nearer and * nearer все ближе и ближе - the wind was strong yesterday, but today it's stronger * вчера уже был сильный ветер, но сегодня он еще сильнее - she would not do it for him, nor * for me она не хотела сделать это для него и даже для меня - I have never voted for him, nor * intend to я никогда не голосовал за него, да и не собираюсь - and with a discount * да еще со скидкой тем не менее, все же, все-таки - strange and * very true странно, но тем не менее верно( с оборотом not... nor) (не только) но и не - not finished nor * started не только не закончено, но и не начато - not me nor * you не я, но (уж) и не вы - ere * прежде чем - ere * the dawn breaks еще до рассвета но, однако;
    хотя;
    все же, тем не менее, несмотря на это (часто and *, but *, * nevertheless) - the work is good, * it could be better работа хорошая, но (все же) могла бы быть лучше - it seems proved, * I doubt it хотя это как будто и доказано, но /тем не менее/ я сомневаюсь - he worked well, (and) * he failed он хорошо работал, однако/ несмотря на это/ потерпел неудачу - although he didn't promise, * I think he'll do it хотя он и не обещал, я думаю, он это сделает - not very good, * not bad не очень хорошо, но и не плохо - he is old, * energetic он стар, но энергичен ~ еще;
    все еще;
    he has not come yet он еще не пришел;
    not yet еще не(т) ;
    never yet никогда еще не;
    yet more еще больше ~ еще, кроме того;
    he has yet much to say ему еще многое надо сказать he will not accept help nor ~ advice он не примет ни помощи, ни даже совета ~ тем не менее, все же, все-таки;
    it is strange and yet true это странно, но (тем не менее) верно ~ до сих пор, когда-либо;
    it is the largest specimen yet found это самый крупный экземпляр из найденных до сих пор;
    as yet все еще, пока, до сих пор ~ уже (в вопросительных предложениях) ;
    need you go yet ? вам уже надо идти? ~ еще;
    все еще;
    he has not come yet он еще не пришел;
    not yet еще не(т) ;
    never yet никогда еще не;
    yet more еще больше ~ еще;
    все еще;
    he has not come yet он еще не пришел;
    not yet еще не(т) ;
    never yet никогда еще не;
    yet more еще больше the scheme has worked well as ~ пока эта схема вполне себя оправдывает yet даже, даже более;
    this question is more important yet этот вопрос даже важнее yet даже, даже более;
    this question is more important yet этот вопрос даже важнее ~ до сих пор, когда-либо;
    it is the largest specimen yet found это самый крупный экземпляр из найденных до сих пор;
    as yet все еще, пока, до сих пор ~ еще, кроме того;
    he has yet much to say ему еще многое надо сказать ~ еще;
    все еще;
    he has not come yet он еще не пришел;
    not yet еще не(т) ;
    never yet никогда еще не;
    yet more еще больше ~ cj однако, все же, несмотря на это;
    но ~ тем не менее, все же, все-таки;
    it is strange and yet true это странно, но (тем не менее) верно ~ уже (в вопросительных предложениях) ;
    need you go yet ? вам уже надо идти? ~ еще;
    все еще;
    he has not come yet он еще не пришел;
    not yet еще не(т) ;
    never yet никогда еще не;
    yet more еще больше

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > yet

  • 17 yet

    1. adj
    теперішній; нинішній; який поки що існує
    2. adv
    1) ще, все ще
    2) уже
    3) досі, до цього часу
    4) до того часу, до того моменту; ще
    5) коли-небудь ще; все-таки
    6) ще (крім того, додатково)
    7) навіть; навіть більше

    he will not accept help nor yet advice — він не прийме ні допомоги, ні навіть поради

    8) проте, все ж

    it seems proved, and yet I doubt — це, здається, доведено, але все ж я сумніваюся

    it is strange and yet true — це дивно, проте правильно

    3. conj
    але, проте, однак; все ж, все-таки; незважаючи на це

    he is old, yet energetic — він старий, проте енергійний

    * * *
    I [jet] adv
    1) до цього часу; (e/і) досі; ( все) ще; на той час, до того часу
    2) вже ( тепер); досі; ( досі) ще (у питальних, заперечних реченнях)
    3) ( все) ще
    4) досі, до цього часу, будь-коли
    5) коли-небудь, ( коли-небудь) ще; все ж ( таки)
    6) ще (крім того, на додаток)
    7) ще; навіть ( більш)
    8) проте, все ж, все-таки
    9) (не тільки...) (зі зворотом not... nor...) та/але е не
    10) пoeт.

    I haven't done it yet — я (е) е досі ще цього не зробив

    I have lived some thirty years on this planet, and I have yet to hear valuable advice — я прожив на землі вже тридцять років, досі ще ніхто не дав мені цінної поради

    as yet we have not made any plans for the holiday — ще е досі / ( все) ще у нас немає ніяких планів на свята

    never yet — ніколи ще не...

    there was never yet philosopher that could endure the toothache patiently (Shakespeare) — нема такого філософа на світі, щоб зубний біль спокійно зносив

    when I came he had not yet got up — коли я прийшов, він ще був в ліжку

    they're not selling tickets yet — квитків ( досі) ще не продають

    he loves her yet — он ( все) ще її кохає

    he may surprise you yet — він ще ( коли-небудь) може вас здивувати

    yet another attempt — ще одна /нова/ спроба

    a yet harder task — ( навіть) ще важче завдання

    nearer and yet nearer — все ближче, ближче

    the wind was strong yesterday, but today it's stronger yet — вчора був сильний вітер, але сьогодні він ще сильніший

    she would not do it for him, nor yet for me — вона не хотіла зробити це для нього, навіть для мене

    I have never voted for him, nor yet intend to — я ніколи не голосував за нього, та, не збираюсь

    strange and yet very true — дивно, проте вірно

    not finished nor yet started — не тільки не закінчене, але, не почате

    not me nor yet you — не я, але, не ви

    II [jet]
    cj проте, однак; все ж, все-таки; незважаючи на це (часто and yet, but yet, yet nevertheless)

    the work is good, yet it could be better — робота хороша, однак (все ж таки) могла б бути краще

    it seems proved, yet I doubt it — хоча це неначе, доведено, але /проте/ однак я сумніваюся

    he worked well, (and) yet he failed — він добре працював, проте /незважаючи на це програв

    although he didn't promise, yet I think he'll do it — хоча він, не обіцяв, я думаю, він це зробить

    not very good, yet not bad — не дуже добре, але, не погано

    he is old, yet energetic — він старий, але енергійний

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > yet

  • 18 yet

    1. adv до сих пор; ещё

    I have lived some thirty years on this planet, and I have yet to hear valuable advice — я прожил на земле уже тридцать лет, и пока ещё никто не дал мне ценного совета

    as yet — пока ещё; до сих пор

    never yet — никогда ещё не …

    there was never yet philosopher that could enpure the toothache patiently — такого нет философа на свете, чтобы зубную боль сносил спокойно

    2. adv ещё, к тому времени, к тому моменту

    when I came he had not yet got up — когда я пришёл, он ещё был в постели

    3. adv уже; пока; ещё
    4. adv когда-либо, до сих пор
    5. adv когда-нибудь, ещё; всё же
    6. adv усил. ещё; даже
    7. adv тем не менее, всё же, всё-таки

    strange and yet very true — странно, но тем не менее верно

    not yet — еще не; еще нет

    8. adv но и не

    not finished nor yet started — не только не закончено, но и не начато

    not me nor yet you — не я, но и не:

    9. cj но, однако; хотя; всё же, тем не менее, несмотря на это

    the work is good, yet it could be better — работа хорошая, но могла бы быть лучше

    it seems proved, yet I doubt it — хотя это как будто и доказано, но я сомневаюсь

    he worked well, yet he failed — он хорошо работал, однако потерпел неудачу

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. however (adj.) additionally; also; although; but; despite; hitherto; however; moreover; notwithstanding
    2. also (other) additionally; again; along; also; as well; besides; further; furthermore; futhermore; into the bargain; item; likewise; more; moreover; still; then; to boot; too; yea
    3. as yet (other) as yet; earlier; hitherto; so far; thus far; till now; until now
    4. eventually (other) eventually; finally; someday; sometime; somewhen; sooner or later; ultimately
    5. nevertheless (other) after all; after all is said and done; all the same; anyhow; anyway; at any rate; be that as it may; but; even; even so; further; howbeit; however; in any case; in any event; in spite of everything; moreover; nevertheless; nonetheless; notwithstanding; per contra; regardless; still; still and all; still and all (US); though; withal

    English-Russian base dictionary > yet

  • 19 yet

    1. [jet] adv
    1. 1) до сих пор; (пока) ещё

    I have lived some thirty years on this planet, and I have yet to hear valuable advice - я прожил на земле уже тридцать лет, и пока ещё никто не дал мне ценного совета

    as yet - пока ещё; до сих пор

    as yet we have not made any plans for the holiday - пока ещё /пока что/ у нас нет никаких планов на праздники

    never yet - никогда ещё не...

    there was never yet philosopher that could enpure the toothache patiently ( Shakespeare) - такого нет философа на свете, чтобы зубную боль сносил спокойно

    2) ещё, к тому времени, к тому моменту

    when I came he had not yet got up - когда я пришёл, он ещё был в постели

    when dawn broke the reinforcements had not yet arrived - к рассвету подкрепления ещё не подошли

    is it time to go yet? - уже пора идти?

    is he back yet? - он уже вернулся?

    have you heard yet? - вы уже слышали?

    has the mail arrived yet? - почта уже пришла?

    are they here yet? - они (всё) ещё здесь?

    3. (всё) ещё

    is he yet alive? - он ещё жив?

    4. когда-либо, до сих пор

    the largest diamond yet found - самый большой бриллиант из найденных до сих пор

    I have never found a fault in him yet - я ещё никогда у него не находил недостатков

    5. когда-нибудь, (когда-нибудь) ещё; всё же

    I'll do it yet! - я ещё это сделаю!

    6. ещё (кроме того, в дополнение)

    yet another - ещё один; новый

    yet another attempt - ещё одна /новая/ попытка

    7. усил. ещё; даже (более)

    the wind was strong yesterday, but today it's stronger yet - вчера уже был сильный ветер, но сегодня он ещё сильнее

    she would not do it for him, nor yet for me - она не хотела сделать это для него и даже для меня

    I have never voted for him, nor yet intend to - я никогда не голосовал за него, да и не собираюсь

    8. тем не менее, всё же, всё-таки

    strange and yet very true - странно, но тем не менее верно

    9. ( с оборотом not... nor...) (не только...) но и не

    not finished nor yet started - не только не закончено, но и не начато

    not me nor yet you - не я, но (уж) и не вы

    10. поэт.:
    2. [jet] cj
    но, однако; хотя; всё же, тем не менее, несмотря на это ( часто and yet, but yet, yet nevertheless)

    the work is good, yet it could be better - работа хорошая, но (всё же) могла бы быть лучше

    it seems proved, yet I doubt it - хотя это как будто и доказано, но /тем не менее/ я сомневаюсь

    he worked well, (and) yet he failed - он хорошо работал, однако /но несмотря на это/ потерпел неудачу

    although he didn't promise, yet I think he'll do it - хотя он и не обещал, я думаю, он это сделает

    not very good, yet not bad - не очень хорошо, но и не плохо

    he is old, yet energetic - он стар, но энергичен

    НБАРС > yet

  • 20 yet

    I [jet] adv
    1) до цього часу; (e/і) досі; ( все) ще; на той час, до того часу
    2) вже ( тепер); досі; ( досі) ще (у питальних, заперечних реченнях)
    3) ( все) ще
    4) досі, до цього часу, будь-коли
    5) коли-небудь, ( коли-небудь) ще; все ж ( таки)
    6) ще (крім того, на додаток)
    7) ще; навіть ( більш)
    8) проте, все ж, все-таки
    9) (не тільки...) (зі зворотом not... nor...) та/але е не
    10) пoeт.

    I haven't done it yet — я (е) е досі ще цього не зробив

    I have lived some thirty years on this planet, and I have yet to hear valuable advice — я прожив на землі вже тридцять років, досі ще ніхто не дав мені цінної поради

    as yet we have not made any plans for the holiday — ще е досі / ( все) ще у нас немає ніяких планів на свята

    never yet — ніколи ще не...

    there was never yet philosopher that could endure the toothache patiently (Shakespeare) — нема такого філософа на світі, щоб зубний біль спокійно зносив

    when I came he had not yet got up — коли я прийшов, він ще був в ліжку

    they're not selling tickets yet — квитків ( досі) ще не продають

    he loves her yet — он ( все) ще її кохає

    he may surprise you yet — він ще ( коли-небудь) може вас здивувати

    yet another attempt — ще одна /нова/ спроба

    a yet harder task — ( навіть) ще важче завдання

    nearer and yet nearer — все ближче, ближче

    the wind was strong yesterday, but today it's stronger yet — вчора був сильний вітер, але сьогодні він ще сильніший

    she would not do it for him, nor yet for me — вона не хотіла зробити це для нього, навіть для мене

    I have never voted for him, nor yet intend to — я ніколи не голосував за нього, та, не збираюсь

    strange and yet very true — дивно, проте вірно

    not finished nor yet started — не тільки не закінчене, але, не почате

    not me nor yet you — не я, але, не ви

    II [jet]
    cj проте, однак; все ж, все-таки; незважаючи на це (часто and yet, but yet, yet nevertheless)

    the work is good, yet it could be better — робота хороша, однак (все ж таки) могла б бути краще

    it seems proved, yet I doubt it — хоча це неначе, доведено, але /проте/ однак я сумніваюся

    he worked well, (and) yet he failed — він добре працював, проте /незважаючи на це програв

    although he didn't promise, yet I think he'll do it — хоча він, не обіцяв, я думаю, він це зробить

    not very good, yet not bad — не дуже добре, але, не погано

    he is old, yet energetic — він старий, але енергійний

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > yet

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